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The black-and-yellow tanager (''Chrysothlypis chrysomelas'') is a fairly small passerine bird. This tanager is an endemic resident in the hills of Costa Rica and Panama. In Panama it has been recorded as far east as the border-region with Colombia, but it has not yet been recorded in the latter country, though it almost certainly occurs.〔Ridgely and Gwynne (1989). ''A Guide to the Birds of Panama, with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras.'' ISBN 0-691-08529-3〕 In Costa Rica, the black-and-yellow tanager is found in the foothills and slopes on the Caribbean side of the central mountain ranges, typically from altitude, and occasionally down to .〔Stiles and Skutch (1989). ''A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica.'' ISBN 0-8014-9600-4〕 In Panama, it is found on both the Caribbean and Pacific slope from .〔 The preferred habitat is the canopy of wet forest and tall second growth, but it will feed lower at woodland edges and clearing. The neat cup nest is built on a tree branch. The eggs are undescribed.〔 The adult black-and-yellow tanager is about long and weighs .〔 Most authorities recognize two subspecies: The nominate in Costa Rica and western Panama and ''C. c. ocularis'' in eastern Panama, but some recognize the population in Costa Rican and extreme western Panama as a third subspecies, ''C. c. titanota'' (then limiting the nominate to the remaining part of western Panama).〔 The adult male has a bright yellow head, rump and underparts, and a black back, wings and tail. The wing linings are white. The male of ''C. c. ocularis'' differs in having a black spot on the lores.〔 The female has olive upperparts and yellow underparts, but in Costa Rica and extreme western Panama (the sometimes recognized ''C. c. titanota'') the throat and lower belly is whitish.〔Olson (1981). ''Systematic notes on certain Oscines from Panama and adjacent areas (Aves: Passeriformes).'' Prov. Biol. Soc. Wash. 94(2): 363-373.〕 She could be mistaken for a warbler or a female yellow-backed tanager.〔 Immatures resemble the adult female.〔 Black-and-yellow tanagers occur in small groups, or as part of a mixed-species feeding flock. This species feeds on small fruit, usually swallowed whole, insects and spiders. The black-and-yellow tanager's call is a scratchy single or repeated ''tsew'', higher and faster than that of the silver-throated tanager.〔 Some taxonomic lists modified the original name based on gender and use the specific name of ''chrysomelaena'' and this emendation is not considered correct.〔David, N. & Gosselin M. (2002) Gender agreement of avian species names. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 122:14–49〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Black-and-yellow tanager」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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